Quantum computer roadmaps for various qubit modalities and vendors, including references to official sources. Qubit modalities include superconductors, trapped ions, neutral atoms, quantum dots, photonics, spin (i.e. nitrogen vacancy centres in diamond), NMR, and quantum annealers. For each quantum computer generation, the number of physical qubits, and, where available, quantum volume, logical qubits, relaxation times, and gate fidelity statistics are listed.
A visual representation of this data is available in Roads to Quantum Advantage (2022) and Quantum Computing Roadmaps (2024). For more details on the different technologies, please check What is Quantum Computing?
| Organization | Modality | Designation | Year | Qubits (physical)The actual number of physical qubits on the quantum device. This is the maximally addressable qubits in quantum algorithms, although in practice that number is lower due ancillary qubits needed in error correction schemes. | Qubits (logical)The number of logical (a.k.a. algorithmic) qubits that can be addressed in quantum algorithms. Ideally, this is the base-2 logarithm of the quantum volume. | Quantum volumeA NISQ-era metric that assumes square circuits of qubits and measures the effective number of qubits multiplied by the circuit depth (i.e. number of layers) in which quantum algorithms can be run within acceptable tolerances. | QumodesNumber of quantized beams of (squeezed) light in continuous-variable photonic quantum computers. | T1 (μs)The T1 time is the relaxation time, which measures the characteristic time to go from the |1⟩ to the |0⟩ state. | T2 (μs)T2 measures characteristic time of decoherence due to dephasing, the randomization of the qubit phase, and phase breaking, the loss of superposition. |
Fidelity
|
Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alibaba | Superconductors | 2018/Q1 | 11 | ||||||||
| 2022/Q2 | 2 | 99.97% (1Q) 99.72% (2Q) |
Fluxonium qubits | ||||||||
| Alice & Bob | Photonics | Boson 4 | 2024/Q4 | 4 | 0 | Cat qubits | |||||
| Helium | 2026 | 10–16 | 1 | 10-2 logical error rate | Cat qubits at 1.5 μs clock speed | ||||||
| Lithium | 2027 | 48 | 4 | 10-3 logical error rate | Cat qubits at 0.8 μs clock speed | ||||||
| Beryllium | 2028 | 250 | 5 | 10-4 logical error rate | Cat qubits at 0.8 μs clock speed | ||||||
| Graphene | 2030 | 2000 | 100 | 10-6 logical error rate | Cat qubits at 1 μs clock speed | ||||||
| Alpine Quantum Technologies | Trapped ions | Pine | 2022/Q1 | 20 | |||||||
| Amazon | Superconductors | Ocelot | 2025/Q1 | 9 | 5 cat (data) qubits with 4 ancilla qubits 0.0165 logical error rate |
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| Atom Computing | Neutral atoms | Phoenix | 2021/Q3 | 100 | |||||||
| 2024 | 1,180 | ||||||||||
| Baidu | Superconductors | Qian Shi | 2022/Q3 | 10 | 31.0 | 8.7 | 99.8% (1Q) 96.60% (2Q) |
Median instead of mean T1/T2 values | |||
| ColdQuanta | Neutral atoms | 2021/Q3 | 100 | ||||||||
| 2022 | 300 | ||||||||||
| Hilbert | 2024 | 1,000 | |||||||||
| D-Wave | Annealer | 2007 | 28 | ||||||||
| One | 2011/Q2 | 128 | |||||||||
| Two | 2013/Q2 | 512 | |||||||||
| 2X | 2015/Q3 | 1,152 | |||||||||
| 2000Q | 2017/Q1 | 2,048 | |||||||||
| Advantage | 2020/Q3 | 5,760 | |||||||||
| Advantage 2 | 2025/Q2 | 4,400 | Originally expected in 2024 with 7,000 qubits | ||||||||
| Fujitsu | Superconductors | 2023 | 64 | ||||||||
| 2026 | 1,000 | ||||||||||
| Superconductors | Foxtail | 2016 | 9 | ||||||||
| 2017 | 20 | 99.5% (2Q) | |||||||||
| Bristlecone | 2018/Q1 | 72 | 99.9% (1Q) 99.4% (2Q) 99.0% (readout) |
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| Sycamore | 2019/Q4 | 53 | 99.85% (1Q) 99.35% (2Q) |
1 qubit out of 54 defective, so 53 'effective' qubits | |||||||
| Sycamore | 2023/Q1 | 72 | >99.85% (1Q) 99.64% (2Q) 96.9% (readout) |
1000:1 error correction overhead estimate unaltered due to extrapolation to distance-25 surface code | |||||||
| Willow | 2024/Q4 | 105 | >99.965% (1Q) 99.67% (2Q) 99.23% (readout) |
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| Milestone 3 | 2025 | 100 | 1 | 10-6 logical error rate | |||||||
| Milestone 4 | 2026 | 1,000 | 1–10 | 10-6 logical error rate | |||||||
| Milestone 5 | 2027 | 10,000 | 10 | 10-8 logical error rate | |||||||
| Milestone 6 | 2028 | 100,000 | 100 | 10-13 logical error rate | |||||||
| 2029 | 1,000,000 | 1,000 | 1000:1 error correction | ||||||||
| IBM | Superconductors | (Tenerife) | 2017/Q1 | 5 | 2 | 4 | 51.1 | 25.9 | 99.90% (gate) 98.64% (readout) |
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| (Tokyo) | 2018/Q1 | 20 | 3 | 8 | 84.3 | 49.6 | 99.81% (gate) 93.21% (readout) |
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| Falcon (Johannesburg) | 2019/Q4 | 27 | 4 | 16 | |||||||
| Hummingbird (Raleigh) | 2020/Q1 | 65 | 5 | 32 | |||||||
| Falcon R4 (Montreal) | 2020/Q3 | 27 | 7 | 128 | 109.09 | 97.17 | 99.96% (1Q) 98.58% (2Q) 97.69% (SPAM) |
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| Eagle | 2021/Q4 | 127 | 6 | 64 | |||||||
| Falcon R10 (Prague) | 2022/Q2 | 27 | 9 | 512 | |||||||
| Osprey | 2022/Q4 | 433 | 10 | 1,024 | Estimated QV based on doubling every 6–12 months | ||||||
| Condor | 2023/Q4 | 1,121 | 12 | 4,096 | |||||||
| Flamingo | 2024/Q4 | 1,386 | 14 | 16,384 | |||||||
| Kookaburra | 2025 | 4,158 | 16 | 65,536 | |||||||
| Starling | 2029 | 200 | 100m operations | ||||||||
| Blue Jay | 2033 | 2,000 | 1b operations | ||||||||
| Infleqtion | Neutral atoms | 2024 | 1,600 | 2 | 99.90% (1Q) 99.50% (2Q) |
2Q fidelity for CZ only | |||||
| 2026 | 8,000 | >10 | 99.95% (1Q) 99.90% (2Q) |
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| Sqorpius | 2028 | 40,000 | >100 | 99.95% (1Q) 99.95% (2Q) |
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| Intel | Quantum dots | 2018/Q2 | 2 | ||||||||
| 2022/Q1 | 3 | ||||||||||
| Tunnel Falls | 2022/Q4 | 12 | |||||||||
| Superconductors | 2017/Q4 | 17 | |||||||||
| Tangle Lake | 2018/Q3 | 49 | |||||||||
| IonQ | Trapped ions | Harmony | 2019 | 11 | 8 | 99.72% (1Q) 96.54% (2Q) 99.71% (SPAM) |
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| Aria | 2020/Q4 | 32 | 4,000,000 | 99.98% (1Q) 99.3% (2Q) |
13:1 error correction | ||||||
| Forte | 2022/Q2 | 32 | |||||||||
| 2023 | 29 | ||||||||||
| 2024 | 36 | ||||||||||
| Tempo | 2025/Q3 | 100 | 64 algorithmic qubits | ||||||||
| 2026 | 256 | 12 | 10-7 logical error rate | ||||||||
| 2027 | 10,000 | 800 | |||||||||
| 2028 | 20,000 | 1,600 | |||||||||
| 2029 | 200,000 | 8,000 | 10-12 logical error rate | ||||||||
| 2030 | 2,000,000 | 80,000 | |||||||||
| IQM | Superconductors | Spark | 2021/Q4 | 5 | 99.8% (2Q) | ||||||
| 2023/Q4 | 20 | 99.8% (2Q) | |||||||||
| Radiance | 2025/Q1 | 54 | 1–2 | 99.9% (2Q) | Originally expected 2024/Q3 | ||||||
| Radiance | 2026 | 150 | 1–2 | 99.92% (2Q) | Originally expected 2025/Q1 | ||||||
| Radiance | 2027 | 300 | 1–2 | 99.94% (2Q) | Originally expected in 2026 | ||||||
| Radiance | 2027 | 1,000 | 4–36 | 10-5 logical error rate | |||||||
| Radiance | 2028 | 5,000 | 60–180 | 10-6 logical error rate | |||||||
| Radiance | 2030 | 40,000 | 240–720 | 10-7 logical error rate | |||||||
| Radiance | 2031 | 100,000 | 600–1,800 | 10-8 logical error rate | |||||||
| Radiance | 2033+ | 1,000,000 | 2,400–7,200 | 10-9 logical error rate | |||||||
| Microsoft | Topological | Majorana 1 | 2025/Q1 | 8 | 1% measurement error on single-shot fermion parity Majorana zero modes not yet confirmed |
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| OQC | Superconductors | Lucy | 2022/Q1 | 8 | 1 | 2 | 99.91% (1Q) 94.16% (2Q) 90.44% (SPAM) |
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| Origin Quantum | Superconductors | Wuyuan I | 2020/Q3 | 6 | |||||||
| Wuyuan II | 2023/Q1 | 24 | |||||||||
| Pasqal | Neutral atoms | 2022/Q3 | 324 | Lab hardware, not commercial yet | |||||||
| 2024/Q2 | 1,110 | ||||||||||
| 2027 | 10,000 | ||||||||||
| PsiQuantum | Photonics | 2025 | 1,000,000 | 300 | |||||||
| QpiAI | Superconductors | Kaveri | 2025/Q4 | 64 | |||||||
| Quandela | Photonics | Ascella | 2022/Q4 | 5 | |||||||
| 2023 | 12 | ||||||||||
| Quantinuum | Trapped ions | H1-1 | 2020/Q3 | 20 | 7 | 128 | |||||
| H1-1 | 2021/Q1 | 20 | 9 | 512 | 99.97% (1Q) 99.5% (2Q) |
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| H1-1 | 2021/Q3 | 10 | 10 | 1,024 | |||||||
| H1-2 | 2021/Q4 | 20 | 11 | 2,048 | |||||||
| H1-2 | 2022/Q2 | 12 | 12 | 4,096 | |||||||
| H1-1 | 2022/Q3 | 20 | 13 | 8,192 | 99.9959% (1Q) 99.71% (2Q) 99.72% (SPAM) |
Arbitrary-angle gates | |||||
| H1-1 | 2023/Q1 | 20 | 15 | 32,768 | 99.9955% (1Q) 99.795% (2Q) 99.69% (SPAM) |
Arbitrary-angle gates | |||||
| H2 | 2023/Q2 | 32 | 16 | 65,536 | 99.997% (1Q) 99.8% (2Q) 99.8% (SPAM) |
All-to-all connectivity | |||||
| H2 | 2025/Q2 | 56 | 23 | 8,388,608 | 99.98% (1Q) 99.91% (2Q) 99.85% (SPAM) |
All-to-all connectivity | |||||
| Helios | 2025/Q4 | 98 | 50 | 99.997% (1Q) 99.92% (2Q) 99.95% (SPAM) |
All-to-all connectivity | ||||||
| H3 | 2025 | 17 | 100,000 | Estimated QV based on 5× each year | |||||||
| H4 | 2027 | 21 | 500,000 | ||||||||
| H5 | 2029 | 24 | 2,500,000 | ||||||||
| Quantum Brilliance | Spin | Gen1 | 2021/Q2 | 5 | |||||||
| 50 | |||||||||||
| QuantWare | Superconductors | Tenor | 2023/Q1 | 64 | |||||||
| VIO-40K | 2025/Q4 | 10,000 | |||||||||
| QuEra | Neutral atoms | Aquila | 2023/Q4 | 256 | 99.9% (initialization) 62% (readout) |
Post-computation QEC on non-universal gate set with [[8,3,2]] colour code only | |||||
| 2024 | 256 | 10 | Built-in QEC | ||||||||
| 2025 | 3,000 | 30 | Built-in QEC | ||||||||
| 2026 | 10,000 | 100 | Built-in QEC | ||||||||
| 2025 | 1,024 | ||||||||||
| QuiX | Photonics | 2020/Q4 | 12 | ||||||||
| 2022/Q1 | 20 | ||||||||||
| 2023 | 50 | ||||||||||
| Rigetti | Superconductors | Agave | 2017/Q2 | 8 | 13.38 | 15.05 | 95% (1Q) 87% (2Q) |
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| Aspen-1 | 2018/Q4 | 16 | 8 | 12 | 93.23% (1Q) 90.84% (2Q) |
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| Aspen-4 | 2019/Q1 | 13 | 3 | 8 | 30.47 | 20.13 | 99.88% (1Q) 94.42% (2Q) |
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| Aspen-9 | 2021/Q2 | 32 | 3 | 8 | 33 | 16 | 99.39% (1Q) 94.28% (2Q" |
Median instead of mean values | |||
| Aspen-11 | 2021/Q4 | 40 | 3 | 8 | 30 | 14 | 99.55% (1Q) 92.15% (2Q) 96.78% (SPAM) |
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| Aspen-M | 2022/Q1 | 80 | 3 | 8 | 29 | 22 | 98.94% (1Q) 91.13% (2Q) 96.95% (SPAM) |
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| Ankaa-3 | 2024/Q4 | 84 | 99.5% (2Q) | ||||||||
| Cepheus-1-36Q | 2025/Q3 | 36 | 99% (2Q) | ||||||||
| Lyra | 2025 | 336 | Originally planned for 2023 | ||||||||
| 2025 | 1,000 | Originally planned for 2025 | |||||||||
| 2027 | 4,000 | Originally planned for 2027 | |||||||||
| SpinQ | NMR | Gemini | 2021 | 2 | |||||||
| Triangulum | 2022 | 3 | |||||||||
| SQC | Quantum dots | 2023 | 10 | ||||||||
| 2030 | 100 | ||||||||||
| USTC | Photonics | Jiuzhang | 2020/Q4 | 76 | |||||||
| Jiuzhang 2.0 | 2021/Q4 | 113 | |||||||||
| Jiuzhang 3.0 | 2023/Q4 | 255 | |||||||||
| Superconductors | Zuchongzhi | 2021/Q2 | 62 | ||||||||
| Zuchongzhi 2 | 2023/Q2 | 66 | 176 qubits after upgrade | ||||||||
| Zuchongzhi 3 | 2025/Q1 | 105 | 99.90% (1Q) 99.62% (2Q) 99.13% (readout) |
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| Xanadu | Photonics | X2 | 2018 | 2 | |||||||
| X12 | 2019 | 12 | |||||||||
| X24 | 2020 | 24 | |||||||||
| Borealis | 2022/Q2 | 216 |